Prevalence of Schistosomiasis among Primary School Children in Gadabuke District, Toto LGA, North Central Nigeria.

Aim: This study was aimed at determining the number of children infected in relation to study population. Study Design: Cross sectional Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted among school children in Gadabuke and Garagwa LGEA Primary schools in Toto Local Government Area of Nasarawa State, Nigeria between October-December, 2012. Materials and Methods: A total of 250 samples were collected comprising 192 urine and 58 faecal samples. Samples were investigated using standard World Health Organisation guidelines for identification of parasites. Samples were analysed macroscopically and microscopically. Results: Out of the 192 children screened. Gadabuke LGED primary school had a prevalence of 58.1% while Garagwa LGED primary school had a prevalence of 22.7% and the overall prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the two schools is 44.3%. There was no significant difference in prevalence rate of urinary schistosomiasis between Gadabuke and Garagwa primary schools (P>0.05). On the other hand, Gadabuke had a prevalence of 5.3% for S.mansoni and 0% prevalence for Garagwa LGED. On the whole, the prevalence of S. mansoni was 3.4% in the study area. Children of age group (8 – 14) were more infected with urinary schistosomiasis. Male had higher prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis 50 (50%) than the female 35 (35%). Statistically there was significance difference in prevalence infection of Schistosoma haematobium among males and females investigated. Children whose parents are farmers and fishermen had the highest prevalence infections, followed by Artisan, civil servant and the businessmen. Conclusion: Urinary schistosomiasis in some selected primary schools in Gadabuke district of Toto LGA in Nasarawa State have been documented.

Evaluation of Schistosoma haematobium adult and egg antigens by ELISA in diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis

The aim of this study was using ELISA for detection of anti-Schistosoma haematobium antibodies in both sera and urine of patients with urinary schistosomiasis. Thirty three sera and urine samples were collected from patients with acute schistosomiasis in Diyala Province, east of Iraq in 2006. Their diseases were confirmed by finding S. haematobium ova in urine examination. Sera and urines of 10 healthy individuals as well as 5 patients with hydatidosis and 5 patients with acute toxoplasmosis were examined as well. Samples were examined for antibody detection by ELISA method. The antigens used in this study were egg and adult antigens. All positive samples [sera and urines] showed positivity by using egg antigen whereas the negative control samples were negative; only two samples with hydatidosis were positive with using serum sample whereas with urine sample only one sample was positive. In this study, the best sensitivity and specificity obtained when using urine and adult antigen. Antibody detection by using urine is a useful, simple, and sensitive method for diagnosis of schistosomiasis

Study of urinary excretion of leukotriene B4 and prostaglandin E2 in patients with glomerulonephritis and bilharziasis

Estimation of urinary excretion of prostaglandin E2 [PGE2] and leukatriene B4 [LTB4] was studied in chronic liver disease patients with and without chronic glomerulonephritis [GN]. 44 chronic liver disease patients [Schistosomal or non-schistosomal] were divided into two groups: group A [21 patients] associated with chronic glomerulonephritis; group B [23 patients] without detectable urinary abonrmality. 10 adults [group C] served as healthy controls. PGE2 and LTB4 were estimated in 24 hours urine by radioimmunoassay technique. Urinary PGE2 was significantly higher in liver disease patients associated with chronic glomerulonephritis [group A] than patients with liver disease only [group B]. The latter group showed a significant higher PGE2 than the normal controls. Increased urinary LTB4 excretion was found in chronic liver disease patients associated with chronic glomerulonephritis compared to nromal adults. While no detectable difference was found in LTB4 excretion between patients with liver disease [group B] compared to normal adults. We concluded that urinary PGE2 and LTB4 excretion increase with the development of G.N yet the explanation for this increase is postulated to be different. Increased manry PGE2 excretion is a translation to an endosgenous renal protective mechanism, while the increase in LTB4 excretion reflects the severity of the inflammatory process of the kidney